Let Ibn Abbas tell us what he thought of the books of the Bible
Let Ibn Abbas tell us what he thought of the books of the
Bible
I’ve been
studying in more detail hadiths and commentaries (tafsirs) regarding the
position and views of early Islam towards the Bible. I came across an article from Gordon Nickel
PhD titled “Narratives of Tampering in
the Earliest Commentaries of the Qur'an” (link
http://www.quranandinjil.org/welcome) in which is claimed that early Islam did
not disregard the books of the Bible. In fact it’s claimed that trustworthiness
of the books preceding the Qur’an was critical to sustain Islam. DoctorGordon
Nickel claims that only after the 11th century the claims about
corruption and lack of trustworthiness arose.
Many people contend this view.
They claim for example that for Ibn Abbas the books were not worthy, based on
the following Sahih Hadith:
Chapter: Al-Mushrikun
should not be asked to give witness
Narrated Ubaidullah
bin `Abdullah bin `Utba:
Ibn `Abbas said,
"O Muslims? How do you ask the people of the Scriptures, though your Book
(i.e. the Qur'an) which was revealed to His Prophet is the most recent
information from Allah and you recite it, the Book that has not been distorted?
Allah has revealed to you that the people of the scriptures have changed
with their own hands what was revealed to them and they have said (as regards
their changed Scriptures): This is from Allah, in order to get some worldly
benefit thereby." Ibn `Abbas added: "Isn't the knowledge revealed
to you sufficient to prevent you from asking them? By Allah I have never seen
any one of them asking (Muslims) about what has been revealed to you."
Reference : Sahih al-Bukhari 2685
In-book reference : Book 52, Hadith 46
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 3, Book 48, Hadith 850
Other hadiths also compiled by
Bukhari and others, quoting this event are related in slightly different
manner. In these versions of the hadith it is not clear if the books written
were actually from the Bible or exegesis:
http://sunnah.com/bukhari/96/90
Narrated Ubaidullah:
Ibn `Abbas said, "Why do
you ask the people of the scripture about anything while your Book (Qur'an)
which has been revealed to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) is newer and the latest? You read it pure, undistorted and unchanged,
and Allah has told you that the people of the scripture (Jews and Christians)
changed their scripture and distorted it, and wrote the scripture with their
own hands and said, 'It is from Allah,' to sell it for a little gain. Does not
the knowledge which has come to you prevent you from asking them about
anything? No, by Allah, we have never seen any man from them asking you
regarding what has been revealed to you!"
Reference
: Sahih al-Bukhari 7363
In-book reference :
Book 96, Hadith 90
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 9, Book 92, Hadith
461 (deprecated numbering scheme)
I decided to look at the Tasir
some claim is closest to the thoughts of Ibn Abbas, the Tanwīr al-Miqbās min Tafsīr Ibn 'Abbās (http://www.altafsir.com/Books/IbnAbbas.pdf). Accordint to the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic thought, "Tanwir al-Miqbas is often attributed to the Companion ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Abbas b.
‘Abd al-Muttalib (d. 68/687), cousin of the Prophet and father of the
discipline of Quranic exegesis, or to the renowned Shafi‘I scholar Majd al-Din
Muhammad Ibn Ya‘qub al-Firuzabadi (d. 817/1414). Despite its uncertain
authorship, Tanwir al-Miqbas remains a
pivotal work for the study of Islamic exegesis for the following reasons:
1.
The traditions attributed to Ibn ‘Abbas that are
at the core of this work render it as a seminal work of exegesis.
2.
This commentary is unabridged and uncensored as
are other works in the series.
3.
The work is an example of the tafsir type known
as tafsir bi’l-riwaya or tafsir bi’l-ma’thur. That is, it contains reports
going back to the Prophet (pbuh) or a Companion, in this case Ibn ‘Abbas.
4.
Tanwir al-Miqbas does not contain elaborate
theological or philosophical explanations.
5.
Tanwir al-Miqbas does not contain the technical
grammatical explanations commonly found in other works.
6.
Tanwir al-Miqbas is unencumbered by isnads or
chains of transmission, occasionally found in other tafsir works, thus making
the work accessible to the non-specialist.
After going through the tafsir,
I’ve drawn the following statements. These statements summarize the opinion of
Ibn Abbas with regards to the books of the Bible in his time (i.e. the time of
the prophet):
1.
The
religion of the Christians and the Jews was not the right one.
2.
Some
Jews were not ignorant and stupid, those who believed in Muhammad as prophet
and the Qur’an
3.
Some
Jews simply did not want to believe in Muhammad even though they wanted and
they had proofs
4.
The
Qur’an must be believed by Jews and Christians, because it confirms the
description and traits (prophecies) of Muhammad (in their books)
5.
The
Jews demonstrated to be stubborn before, and it was expected that some wouldn’t
believe in Muhammad. This is based on the story of the 70 men who did not
believe in Moses even after listening to the words of God in Sinai
6.
At
the time of the prophet there were some who wrote additional books to change
the description and prophecies of Muhammad. These were jews and not all of
them.
7.
Jews
disbelieved in Muhammad and Jesus, and killed John the Baptist and Zachariah.
They were guilty of killing and disbelieving in prophets
8.
The
Qur’an confirms the books which were in their possession. Therefore these books
were trustworthy. They contain the description of Muhammad
9.
Ibn
Abbas considered the Jews stubborn for only believing in the Torah but not in
the Qur’an and Muhammad as well. This is because in his mind there was no
contradiction, he expected the Jews to believe in all books.
10.
The
Jews were greedy and that could explain some of their behaviors
11.
The
books were trustworthy, containing the description of the prophet. However,
some Jews hid behind their backs the prophecies concerning Muhammad.
12.
The
Jews did many things which were not in their books, for example sorcery
13.
Jews
and Christians allegedly made claims not being in their books. Therefore one
concludes Ibn Abbas considered that they just needed to look into their books
for guidance. The Qur’an was confirmation and clarification of it.
14.
Some
people of the book did not consider sufficient to look into the Bible and asked
for God to speak from heaven about Muhammad’s prophethood. Ibn Abbas considered
that it was sufficient with what was revealed in the books.
15.
Abdullah
Ibn Salam, Bahirah the Monk, Negus were good people of the book, who believed
and did not alter the previous books. This means that there were some people
who did not distort the books
16.
The
children of Israel would have a large punishment, because having a set of
trustworthy books did not believe in Muhammad and the Qur’an
17.
Jews
and Christians erred for not believing that Muhammad’s prophethood was foretold
in their books
18.
Recognizing
to Muhammad in the previous books was not too difficult. An example is Adbullah
Ibn Salam, who recognized the prophet in the Torah of his time
19.
Ka'b
Ibn al-Ashraf, Huyayy Ibn Akhtab and Judayy Ibn Akhtab were among some of the
Jews who were considered to conceal (hide) the truths about Muhammad
20.
Those
who find contradiction between the Qur’an and the Torah at that time should be
condemned
21.
The
Qur’an was in agreement with the Torah and the Gospel, it did not contradict
them at the time of the prophet
22.
If
there was any differences between Qur’an and Bible, it was on commandments
which were abrogated
23.
The
Qur’an clarified some difference in interpretation and claims from Jews and
Christians with regards to portions of the Bible
24.
Ibn
Abbas considered that the prophet of Islam was sincere
25.
Muhammad
confirmed the previous scriptures and making some legal dispensations
26.
The
Qu’ran corroborates the Torah and the Gospel
27.
There
were Christians who apparently looked into the Bible and they did not agree
that Muhammad was a promised prophet. Instead, they found more affinity with
the description of the Antichrist.
28.
Jews
and Christians must be punished for their disbelief. Because some distorted the
books with their tongues saying statements not found in their
scriptures. Their books were trustworthy, but some of them were not.
29.
The
merits of Muhammad were to be easily found in the books of the Bible at that
time
30.
In
the Scriptures of Jews and Christians (at that time) were clear proofs about
Islam,
31.
There
was a group of believers who were blood related to Jews, and who had believed,
who had acknowledged what was evident in the previous books.
32.
Part
of the covenant of the people of the book was to exposit the description of
Muhammad which is available in their books. However they broke this covenant.
33.
Those
who willingly changed or denied any descriptions of Muhammad (which were
available at the time of the prophet) will be punished.
34.
Al-Yasa'
and Rafi' were example of Jews who despite of having knowledge of the Torah
they were considered hypocrites for not holding unto the truth contained in it.
Malik Ibn al-Sayf and his friends were example of Jews who changed words from
the context. But the Torah remained intact because it was only distortion with
their tongues. What they possessed was trustworthy.
35.
For
those who disbelieved despite of having clear truth in previous books, hell was
waiting for them.
36.
Some
Jews were criticized for making usury lawful despite of not being lawful in
their Torah. The Torah was referred as trustworthy.
37.
There
were some Jews of the tribe of the prophet of Islam who were hypocrites,
changing words from the previous books from their context
38.
Stoning
and the description of Muhammad were examples of truths which were hidden by
some Jews
39.
Jesus
was a prophet who like Mohammad confirmed the Torah.
40.
The
Qur’an confirmed some laws of the previous scriptures. The previous scriptures
contained truth, but several laws were abrogated in the Qur’an. However the
previous books still were trustworthy.
41.
The
previous scriptures foretold the advent of the Qur’an. The judgment of People
of the books against Muslims was unfair, given that they had trustworthy books.
42.
Jews
and Christians are criticized for not believing what is (not what was) in the
Torah and the Gospel about Muhammad
43.
The
scriptures were trustworthy and those who fully believed in them were commended
for this
44.
Those
who didn’t believe on the previous books would show animosity against Muhammad,
but those who believed in the Bible of the time would cry recognizing the
prophet based on what the Bible contained
45.
It
was common for Jews to deny prophets. It was not related to not having a
trustworthy book, but just stubbornness.
46.
Malik
Ibn al-Sayf, the Jew, claimed that Allah did not reveal any Scripture to human
beings. He was accused of hiding
portions of the Bible showing the prophethood of Mohammad.
47.
The
Qur’an was revealed in agreement to the description of the prophet contained in
the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms and all other scriptures.
48.
The
Jews were succeeded by gentiles because they hid the portions that demonstrated
Mohammed was a prophet, though the books clearly showed it.
49.
Those
who wrote other books saying it was from God are condemned for this and also
for concealing the truth which was available to them. So the books were still
trustworthy and available, despite of these other books.
50.
The
Torah was right there if anyone wanted to believe in Muhammad.
51.
Reading
the books of the Bible there was no doubt that the Qur’an and the prophet were
foretold there, hence these books were trustworthy.
52.
In
the Bible there were at the time of the prophet clear expositions of the
description of Muhammad
53.
The
books of the Bible were also guidance for the very same prophet. If he was in
doubt of his prophethood he could ask the people who read the Bible books.
54.
The
Qur'an is not an invented story, but a confirmation of the existing Scripture;
a confirmation of the Torah, the Gospel and all the others scriptures.
55.
The
Bible is trustworthy and sufficient to believe in the Qur’an
56.
The
books of the Bible are as trustworthy as the Qur’an is because they are
revealed in the same way
57.
The
Qur’an and the books of the Bible are all as trustworthy, all coming from the
Guarded Tablet. Therefore they don’t contradict each other
58.
It
was recommended to the Muslims to say that they believe in all books and to
avoid arguments
59.
In
the Bible can be found that Muhammad is unlettered
60.
There
were some people who distort the revelations, all of them, but it’s not
mentioned lack of trustworthiness for the same
61.
Historically
people had rejected revelations, so it was not surprise if they rejected the
Qur’an which asked to look at previous scriptures
62.
The
Qur’an was a revelation in the local language, unlike previous books, not
contradicting them either
63.
Qur’an,
Islam and the prophet were exposed on the previous books
64.
People
of the book who believed are testimony of the trustworthiness of the previous
books as well as the Qur’an
65.
People
of the book are condemned for not following the truth of the Torah they have
had even before the Qur’an was revealed
66.
24
monks in the Yemen and when they heard of the Prophet (pbuh) they believed in
him and joined his religion. This people did believe in the Gospel they have
had.
67.
Jesus
and Muhammad came with clear proofs
68.
The
Jews were commanded to reveal the traits and description of Muhammad in the
Torah, but they did not do so. The book was not corrupted, they elected not
revealing the prophet.
We find above
comments over 68 different portions of the Qur’an. After looking at all of
these it’s clear that the close cousin of the prophet of Islam held with high
steem the books of the Bible available to him. He criticized those who did not
follow what these books proclaim, as well as those who treacherously either hid
or attempted to modify what was written in some copies, or those who produced
new books saying they were from God.
Evidence is
plenty to back up the trustworthiness of the Bible in the opinion of Ibn
Abbas, even if there was few people who distorted some of the copies of the Torah. Notice that there is no mention of corruption of the Gospel.
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Notes from Tafsir Al Miqbas Mian Ib n Abbas Tafsir
1. The religion of the Christians and the Jews was not the
right one.
[1:7] (The
path of those whom Thou hast favoured), the Religion of those whom You have
blessed with the Religion and who are the followers of Moses, before the
blessings of Allah deserted them, in that He shaded them with a white cloud and
sent down on them honey and quails when they were in the wilderness. It is also
said that (the path of those whom Thou hast favoured) refers to the prophets.
(Not of those who earn Thine anger), not the religion of the Jews who earned
Your anger, whom You forsook and whose hearts You did not protect until they
became complaisant. (Nor of those who go astray), nor the religion of the
Christians who erred from Islam. Amen: thus shall be its custodians; it is also
said that Amen means let it be so. It is also said that it means: O our Lord!
Do with us as we have requested You. And Allah knows best'. And of the surah in
which the Cow (al-Baqarah) is mentioned, which is Medinan in its entirety-
although it is 3 also said to be Meccan -and consists of 280 verses, 3,100
words and 25,500 letters.
2. Some Jews were considered not ignorant or stupid; those who
believed in Muhammad as prophet and the Qur’an
[2:13] (And
when it is said unto them) i.e. to Jews, (believe) in Muhammad (pbuh) (as the
people believe), i.e. 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his companions, (they say: Shall
we believe) in Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an, (as the foolish believe?), i.e.
as the stupid and ignorant do, (Surely they are the fools) the stupid and
ignorant. (But they know not) that they are so.
3. Some Jews simply did not want to believe in Muhammad even
though they wanted and they had proofs
[2:17] (Their
likeness), the likeness of the hypocrites vis-à-vis Muhammad (pbuh) (is as the
likeness of one who kindleth fire), lights a fire in the darkness in order to
provide safety for his family, property and person, (and when it sheddeth its
light around him), when it sheds its light and he sees what is around him and
feels secure, at that very moment the Fire is put out. Likewise, the hypocrites
believed openly in Muhammad (pbuh) as well as in the Qur'an and by doing so
they felt their persons, families and properties were safe, avoiding in the
process imprisonment or death. But when they die (Allah taketh away their
light), the benefit of their [outward] faith, (and leaveth them in darkness)
facing the hardships of the grave, (where they cannot see) any comfort. It is
also said this simile refers to the Jews. In this respect, the likeness of the
Jews vis-à-vis Muhammad (pbuh) is like a man who raises a flag in a lost battle
and by doing so attracts other defeated fighters. But when they gather they put
their flag down and, consequently, their benefit and safety immediately vanish.
Similarly, the Jews used to say that Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an, prior to
its revelation, would support them. When it was revealed however they denied it
and Allah took away their light, i.e. their desire to believe and the benefit
of such belief. This is because although they wanted to believe in Muhammad
(pbuh) they did not do so, and consequently they were left them in the error of
Judaism, unable to see guidance.
4. The Qur’an must be believed by Jews and Christians,
because it confirms the description and traits (prophecies) of Muhammad (in
their books)
[2:41] (And believe in that which
I revealed) through the Archangel Gabriel, (confirming) the Oneness of Allah
and the description and traits of Muhammad (pbuh) and some prescribed laws
(that which ye possess already) of scripture, (and be not first to disbelieve
therein) in Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an (and part not with My revelations)
by not revealing the description and traits of Muhammad (for a trifling price)
in exchange for means of substance, (and keep your duty unto Me), fear Me
regarding this Prophet (pbuh).
5. The
Jews demonstrated to be stubborn before, and it was expected that some wouldn’t
believe in Muhammad. This is based on the story of the 70 men who did not
believe in Moses even after listening to the words of God in Sinai
[2:75] (Have ye any hope that
they will be true to you) do you hope, O Muhammad, that the Jews will believe
in you (when a party of them) the 70 men who were with Moses (used to listen to
the Word of Allah) used to listen to Moses reciting the Word of Allah, (then
used to change it) alter it, (after they had understood it) after knowing it
and fully understanding it (knowingly?) while knowing that they were altering
it?
6. At
the time of the prophet there were some (few) who wrote additional books to
change the description and prophecies of Muhammad
[2:79]
(Therefore woe) severe punishment, and it is said this means: a valley in hell
(be unto those who write the Scripture with their hands) change the description
and traits of Muhammad (pbuh) in the Book (and then say, “This is) in the Book
that has come (from Allah”, that they may purchase) through changing and
altering it (a small gain therewith) a small gain in terms of means of
subsistence and surplus of property. (Woe unto them) theirs is a severe
punishment (for what their hands have written) have altered (and woe unto them)
and theirs is a severe punishment (for what they earn thereby) of unlawful
earnings and bribes.
7. Jews disbelieved in Muhammad and Jesus, and killed John
the Baptist and Zachariah. They were guilty of killing and disbelieving in
prophets
[2:87] (And
surely, We gave unto Moses the Scripture) the Torah (and We caused a train of
messengers to follow after him) to come after him in succession, (and We gave
unto Jesus son of Mary clear proofs) commands, prohibitions, wondrous things
and signs, (and We supported him) strengthened and helped him (with the holy
Spirit) with Gabriel, the purified. (Is it ever so, that, when there cometh
unto you) O group of Jews (a messenger with that which ye yourselves desire
not) which does not agree with your hearts and religion, (ye grow arrogant) you
disdain believing in him. (And some ye disbelieve) you disbelieve in a group of
them, namely Muhammad and Jesus, Allah bless them and give them peace (and some
ye slay?) and some you killed, namely, John the Baptist and Zachariah.
8. The Qur’an confirms the books which were in their
possession. Therefore these books were trustworthy.
[2:89] (And
when there cometh unto them a Scripture from Allah, confirming that in their
possession) which accords with that which is in their possession (though before
that) before Muhammad (pbuh) (they were asking for a signal triumph) through
Muhammad and the Qur'an (over those who disbelieved) of their enemies: the
tribes of Asad, Ghatafan, Muzaynah, and Juhaynah (and when there cometh unto
them that which they knew) of his traits and description in their Book (they
disbelieved therein) they denied it was him. (The curse of Allah) His wrath and
torment (is on disbelievers) the Jews.
9. Ibn Abbas considered the Jews stubborn for only believing
in the Torah but not in the Qur’an and Muhammad as well. This is because in his
mind there was no contradiction, he expected the Jews to believe in all books.
[2:91] (And
when it is said unto them) i.e. the Jews: (Believe in that which Allah hath
revealed) meaning: the Qur'an, (they say: We believe in that which was revealed
unto us) i.e. the Torah. (And they disbelieve in that which cometh after it)
other than the Torah, (though it is the Truth) i.e. the Qur'an is the Truth
(confirming) affirming the Oneness of Allah (that which they possess) of the
Book. They said: "O Muhammad! Our forefathers were believers". (Say)
O Muhammad!: (Why then slew ye the Prophets of Allah before, if ye are (indeed)
believers?) if your claims are truthful.
10. The Jews were greedy and that could explain some of their
behaviors
[2:96] (And
thou) O Muhammad! (wilt find them) the Jews (greediest of mankind for any life)
to remain in this world (and (greedier) than the idolaters) even greedier than
the Arab idolaters. ((Each) one of them would like) would hope (to be allowed
to live a thousand years. And to live (that long) would by no means remove him)
save him (from the doom) if he were to live a thousand years. (And Allah is
Seer of what they do) of contraventions, rebellion and what they conceal about
the description and traits of Muhammad (pbuh).
11. The books were trustworthy, containing the description of
the prophet. However, some Jews hid behind their backs the prophecies
concerning Muhammad.
[2:101] (And
when there cometh unto them a messenger from Allah, confirming) conforming in
traits and description (that which they possess) of the Book, (a party of those
who have received the Scripture fling the Scripture of Allah) i.e. the Torah
(behind their backs) disbelieving in what it contains of the traits and description
of Muhammad (pbuh) nor did they exposit this (as if they knew not) as if they
were ignorant people who knew nothing.
12. The Jews did many things which were not in their books,
for example sorcery
[2:102] The
Jews left the guidance of all the prophets (And they followed that which the
devils falsely related) they acted upon what the devils had written (against
the kingdom of Solomon) about the collapse of Solomon's kingdom, and 40 days of
sorcery and white magic. (Solomon disbelieved not) did not write this sorcery
and white magic; (but the devils disbelieved) did write it, (teaching mankind)
the devils taught people, as it is said that the Jews taught people (magic and
that which was revealed to the two angels) but the angels were not taught
sorcery and white magic; and it is said that this means: they also taught what
the angels were inspired with (in Babel, Harut and Marut. Nor did they teach it
to anyone) nor did the angels describe anything to anyone (till they had said)
at the outset: (We are only a temptation) we have been tried with calling
people to this in order that we reduce the intensity of the torment inflicted
on ourselves, (therefore disbelieve not) do not learn or act upon it. (And from
these two (angels) people learn) without being taught by them (that by which
they cause division between man and wife) that by which a man finds excuse to
leave his wife; (but they injure thereby) with sorcery and causing rift (no one
save by Allah's leave) except through Allah's will and with His knowledge. (And
they learn) the devils, the Jews and sorcerers learn from each other (that
which harms them) in the Hereafter (and profits them not) in this world or the
next. (And surely they do know) this refers to the angels, and it is said that
it refers to the Jews in their Book, as it is said that his refers to the
devils (that he who trafficketh therein) chooses sorcery and white magic (will
have no (happy) portion in the Hereafter) in Paradise; (and surely evil is the
price for which they sold their souls) by choosing sorcery for themselves, and
the reference here is to the Jews, (if they but knew) but they do not know; and
it is said that this means: and they did know this from their own Book.
13. Jews and Christians allegedly made claims not being in
their books. Therefore one concludes Ibn Abbas considered that they just needed
to look into their books for guidance. The Qur’an was confirmation and
clarification of it.
[2:111] (And
they say) i.e. the Jews: (None entereth Paradise unless he be a Jew) unless he
dies as a Jew, allegedly (or a Christian) as the Christians also claimed.
(These are their own desires) what they wish from Allah even though it is not
in their Books. (Say) O Muhammad, to both parties: (Bring your proofs) from
your own respective Books (if ye are truthful) in your claim.
14. Some people of the book did not consider sufficient to
look into the Bible and asked for God to speak from heaven about Muhammad’s
prophethood. Ibn Abbas considered that it was sufficient with what was revealed
in the books.
[2:118] (And
those who have no knowledge) who do not know the Oneness of Allah, i.e. the
Jews (say: Why doth not Allah speak unto us) directly, (or some sign come unto
us) a sign confirming the prophethood of Muhammad (pbuh); for then, we would
surely believe? (Even thus, as they now speak, spoke) similar words (those
before them) their forefathers. (Their hearts are all alike) their words and
hearts are the same. (We have made clear the revelations) the signs: the
commands, prohibitions and your traits in the Torah (for people who are sure)
who believe.
15. Abdullah Ibn Salam, Bahirah the Monk, Negus were good
people of the book, who believed and did not alter the previous books. This
means that there were some people who did not distort the books
[2:121] Allah
then mentioned the believers from among the people of the Book: 'Abdullah Ibn
Salam and his companions, Bahirah the Monk and the Negus and his followers,
saying: (Those unto whom We have given the Scripture) given knowledge of the
Scripture, i.e. the Torah, (who read it with the right reading) describe it as
it is and do not alter it: expositing what is lawful and unlawful, its commands
and prohibitions to whomever asks them, and they further act according to what
is clear and unambiguous and believe in that which is ambiguous therein, (those
believe in it) in Muhammad and the Qur'an. (And who disbelieveth in it) in
Muhammad and the Qur'an, (those are they who are losers) who are duped in that
they lose both this world and the world to come.
16. The children of Israel would have a large punishment,
because having a set of trustworthy books did not believe in Muhammad and the
Qur’an
[2:211] (Ask
the children of Israel) tell the children of Jacob (how many a clear revelation
We gave them!) how may times We addressed them with commands and prohibitions,
and honoured them with Religion in the time of Moses, but they exchanged all
that with disbelief. (He who altereth the grace of Allah) whoever exchanges the
Religion and Scripture of Allah with disbelief (after it hath come unto him)
after what Muhammad has come with ((for him), lo! Allah is severe in
punishment) for whoever disbelieves in Him.
17. Jews and Christians erred for not believing that
Muhammad’s prophethood was foretold in their books
[2:140] (Or
say ye) O Jews and Christians (that Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac and Jacob,
and the tribes) the children of Jacob (were Jews or Christians) as you claim?
(Say) to them, O Muhammad! (Do ye know best, or doth Allah?) do you know best
about their religion or does Allah? Allah has already informed us that Abraham
was neither a Jew nor a Christian. (And who is more unjust) in his disbelief
and more insolent and daring vis-à-vis Allah (than he who hideth a testimony
which he hath received from Allah) in the Torah concerning the prophethood of
this Prophet (pbuh)? (Allah is not unaware) heedless (of what ye do) about
concealing your testimony.
18. Recognizing to Muhammad in the previous books was not too
difficult. An example is Adbullah Ibn Salam, who recognized the prophet in the
Torah of his time
[2:146] Then
Allah mentions the believers of the people of the Book, saying: (Those unto
whom We gave the Scripture) gave the knowledge of the Torah, 'Abdullah ibn
Salam and his followers (recognise) know Muhammad (pbuh) with his description
and traits (as they recognise their children) in the midst of other children.
(But lo! A party of them) of the people of the Book (knowingly) knowing it to
exist in their Book (conceal the Truth) conceal the description and traits of
Muhammad (pbuh).
19.Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, Huyayy Ibn Akhtab and Judayy Ibn
Akhtab were among some of the Jews who were considered to conceal (hide) the
truths about Muhammad
[2:174] (Lo!
Those who hide anything of the Scripture which Allah hath revealed) what Allah
has exposited in the Torah regarding the description and traits of Muhammad,
(and purchase) by concealing this (a small gain therewith) a small profit, this
was revealed about Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, Huyayy Ibn Akhtab and Judayy Ibn Akhtab
(they eat into their bellies) they put into their bellies (nothing else than
fire) except the unlawful; and it is also said that this means: they eat
nothing except that which will turn into fire in their bellies on the Day of
Judgement. (And Allah will not speak to them) nicely (on the Day of
Resurrection, nor will He make them pure) He will not absolve them of their
transgressions; it is also said that this means: He will not commend them in
any good way. (Theirs will be a painful doom) a painful torment that will extend
to their hearts.
20. Those who find contradiction between the Qur’an and the
Torah at that time should be condemned
[2:176] (That
is) the torment (because Allah hath revealed the Scripture) He sent down
Gabriel with the Qur'an and the Torah (with the Truth) with an exposition of
the Truth and falsehood, but they disbelieved. (Lo! Those who find disagreement
in the Scripture) those who contravene that which is in the Book regarding the
description and traits of Muhammad (pbuh) and further conceal the latter (are
in open schism) are too much in disagreement with guidance.
21. The Qur’an was in agreement with the Torah and the
Gospel, it did not contradict them
[3:3] (He hath
revealed unto thee (Muhammad) the Scripture) He sent you Gabriel with the
Scripture (with truth) in order to show truth from falsehood, (confirming)
corroborating Allah's divine Oneness (that which was (revealed) before it) of
scriptures, (even as He revealed the Torah) in one go to Moses the son of Amran
(and the Gospel) in one go to the Jesus the son of Mary.
22. If there was any differences between Qur’an and Bible, it
was on commandments which were abrogated
[3:7] (He it
is Who hath revealed unto thee (Muhammad) the Scripture) who sent you Gabriel
with the Scripture (wherein are clear revelations) expositing the lawful and
unlawful which are not abrogated and which are acted upon. (They are the
substance of the Book) they are the foundation of the Book as they are the
leading theme in each book. They are all acted upon. An example of this is the
saying of Allah: (Say: Come, I will recite unto you that which your Lord hath
made a sacred duty for you…) [6:151]. (And others (which are) allegorical)
vague in their meanings to the Jews, like the use of the letters of the
alphabet according to their numerical value (hisab al-Jumal) in such instances
as Alif. Lam. Mim, Alif. Lam. Mim. Sad, Alif. Lam Mim. Ra; and Alif. Lam. Ra;
it is also said that (others (which are) allegorical) means: other verses that
are abrogated and no longer acted upon. (But those) the Jews Ka'b Ibn
al-Ashraf, Huyayy Ibn Akhtab and Judayy Ibn Akhtab (in whose hearts is doubt)
scepticism, opposition and deviance from guidance (pursue, forsooth, that which
is allegorical seeking) in the Qur'an ((to cause) dissension) pursuing disbelief,
ascribing partners to Allah, and holding fast to the error they are in (by
seeking to explain it) to determine the future of this nation so that dominion
reverts back to them. (None knoweth its explanation) the future of this nation
(save Allah). Here Allah interrupts His speech and then resumes it by saying:
(And those who are of sound instruction) those who have a sound grasp of the
knowledge of the Torah: 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his fellow companions (say: We
believe therein) in the Qur'an; (the whole is from our Lord) Allah has revealed
both those verses which are clear and those which are ambiguous; (but only men
of understanding) who have sound minds such as 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his
fellow companions (really heed) take admonition from the simile of the Qur'an.
23. The Qur’an clarified some difference in interpretation
and claims from Jews and Christians with regards to portions of the Bible
[3:19] (Lo!
Religion) that is accepted (with Allah (is) the Surrender (to His will and
guidance)). It is also said that this should be understood as: Allah bears
witness that Religion with Him is Islam (the Surrender), and the angels, the
prophets and the believers also bear witness to this. This verse was revealed
about two men from Historic Syria who asked the Prophet (pbuh) which is the
greatest witness in the Book of Allah. When he informed them about it, they
embraced Islam. (Those who (formerly) received the Scripture) the Jews and
Christians (differed) about Islam and Muhammad (only after knowledge) the exposition
of what is in their Scripture (came unto them, through transgression among
themselves) out of resentful envy. (Whoso disbelieveth the revelations of
Allah) Muhammad and the Qur'an ((will find that) Lo! Allah is swift at
reckoning) severe in His punishment.
24. Ibn Abbas considered that the prophet of Islam was
sincere
[3:20] Allah
then mentions their argument with the Prophet (pbuh) about the Religion of
Islam, saying: (And if they) i.e. the Jews and Christians (argue with thee, O
Muhammad, say: I have surrendered my purpose) I make my Religion and works
sincere (to Allah and (so have) those who follow me. And say unto those who
have received the Scripture) the Jews and Christians (and those who read not)
i.e. the Arabs: (Have ye (too) surrendered?) do you surrender as we have
surrendered? Allah then said: (If they surrender) as you have surrendered,
(then truly they are rightly guided) from error, (and if they turn away) from
surrender, (then it is your duty only to convey the message (unto them)) on
behalf of Allah. (Allah is Seer of (His) bondmen) those who believe and those
who do not.
25. Muhammad confirmed the previous scriptures and making
some legal dispensations
[3:50] (And (I
come) confirming) and I have come confirming Allah's divine Oneness in the
Religion (that which was before me of the Torah) and all other Scriptures, (and
to make lawful) to give you legal dispensation regarding (some of that which
was forbidden unto you) such as the meat of camels, the fat of bovines and
sheep, the Sabbath, and other things. (I come unto you with a sign) with a
token (from your Lord, so keep your duty to Allah) so fear Allah in that which
He has commanded you with and repent to Him (and obey me) and follow my command
and Religion;
26. The Qu’ran corroborates the Torah and the Gospel
[3:58] (This)
that I have told you about, O Muhammad, regarding the story of Jesus ((which)
We recite unto thee) with which We send Gabriel to you (is a revelation) He
says: they are revelations of the Qur'an, conveying commands and prohibitions
(and a wise reminder) that enjoins what is lawful and what is unlawful; it is
also said this means: it corroborates the Torah and the Gospel; and it is also
said this means: it confirms that which is in the Guarded Tablet.
27. There were Christians who apparently looked into the
Bible and they did not agree that Muhammad was a promised prophet. Instead,
they found more affinity with the description of the Antichrist.
[3:71] (O
People of the Scripture! Why confound ye truth with falsehood) you confound the
traits of the anti-Christ with those of Muhammad (and knowingly conceal the
Truth?) the traits and description of Muhammad which you find in your
Scripture.
28. Jews and Christians must be punished for their disbelief.
Because some distorted the books with their tongues saying statements
not found in their scriptures. Their books were trustworthy, but some of them
were not.
[3:77] Allah
then mentioned their punishment, i.e. the punishment of the Jews, saying: (Lo!
those who purchase a small gain) a small gain of in their living (at the cost
of Allah's covenant) by breaking Allah's covenant (and their oaths) their
pledges with their prophets, (they have no portion in the Hereafter) in
Paradise. (Allah will neither speak to them) in a nice manner on the Day of
Judgement (nor look upon them on the Day of Resurrection) He will have no mercy
for them, (nor will He make them grow) He will neither exonerate them for being
Jews nor put their minds at peace. (Theirs will be a painful doom) a severe
pain which will spread to their hearts. It is also said that this was revealed
about 'Abdan Ibn al-Ashu' and Imra' al-Qays because of a dispute between them,
and it was also revealed about the Jews. [3:78] (And Lo! there is) of the Jews
(a party of them) Ka'b and his fellow men (who distort the Scripture with their
tongues) by reading the traits of the anti-Christ in their Scripture, (that ye
may think) that the lowly may think (that what they say is from the Scripture,
when it is not from the Scripture. And they say: It is from Allah) in the
Torah, (when it is not from Allah) in the Torah; (and they speak a lie
concerning Allah knowingly) fully aware that this is not in their
Scripture. [3:79] Then Allah said as
regards their claim that they follow the Religion of Abraham and that Abraham
commanded them to follow this Religion: (It is not (possible) for any human
being) among the prophets (unto whom Allah had given the Scripture and wisdom)
understanding (and the prophethood that he should afterwards have said unto
mankind: Be slaves of me instead of Allah; but (what he said was): Be you
faithful servants of the Lord) men of knowledge, people of understanding as
well as people who put what they learn into practice (by virtue of your constant
teaching of the Scripture) from the Scripture; it is also said that this means:
by virtue of your knowledge of the Scripture (and of your constant study
thereof) of your reading from the Scripture.
[3:80] (And he commanded you) O people of the Quraysh, Jews and
Christians (not that ye should take the angels) as daughters of Allah (and the
Prophets for lords. Would he command you to disbelieve) how could Abraham
command you to follow disbelief (after ye had surrendered (to Allah)) after he
commanded you to follow Islam (completely Surrendering to Allah), saying to
you: (Lo! Allah hath chosen for you the (true) Religion; therefore die not save
as men who have surrendered [2:132]). Allah says here: Allah has not sent a
Messenger except that He commanded him to follow Islam and not Judaism,
Christianity or the worship of idols, as these unbelievers claim. It is also
said that this verse was revealed about the claims of the Jews that Muhammad
commanded them to love him and worship him as the Christians worshipped Jesus.
The Christians and idolaters also made the same claim.
29. The merits of Muhammad were to be easily found in the
books of the Bible at that time
[3:81] Allah
then explained His covenant with the prophets on the day of “Yes, indeed!”
regarding Muhammad's traits and description, saying: (When Allah made (His)
covenant with the Prophets) He says: Allah made a covenant with the prophets
that they will show to one another the traits, description and merit of
Muhammad, ((He said): Behold that which I have given ye) when I did give you
(of the Scripture and knowledge) containing details of the lawful and the
unlawful. (And) you also made a covenant with your nation that (afterward there
will come unto you a messenger, confirming) by calling to Allah's divine
Oneness (that which ye possess) of Scripture. (Ye shall believe in him) He
says: you shall acknowledge him and his virtue (and ye shall help him) with the
sword against his enemies and also by expositing his trait. (He said: Do ye
agree?) Allah asked them whether they accepted (and will you take My burden) My
covenant (in this) what I said? (They) the prophets (answered: We agree) we
accept. (He) Allah (said: Then bear ye witness) of this. (I will be a witness
with you) of this also. Allah thus made them witnesses of one another and He
Himself is a witness. And so each prophet explained this to his nation, and
each prophet made the members of his nation witnesses for each other, just as
each prophet bore witness to it.
30. In the Scriptures of Jews and Christians (at that time)
were clear proofs about Islam
[3:105] (And
be ye not) divided in religion (as those who separated and disputed) in
religion, such as the religious schisms that took place among the Jews and
Christians (after the clear proofs) proofs from their Scriptures of Islam (had
come unto them. For such) i.e. the Jews and Christians (there is an awful doom)
greater than anything one can imagine.
31. Jews and Christians who don’t believe are evil. Evil is
the explanation for not believing having proofs in their hands
[3:110] (Ye
are the best community that has been raised up for mankind) that ever was for
mankind. Allah then showed how they were the best community that has been
raised for mankind saying: (Ye enjoin right conduct) you enjoin the divine
Oneness of Allah and the following of Muhammad (and forbid indecency) you
forbid disbelief, idolatry and the opposition of the Messenger; (and ye believe
in Allah) as well as in all revealed scriptures and messengers. (And if the
People of the Scripture) i.e. the Jews and Christians (had believed it had been
better for them) than what they are in now. (Some of them are believers)
'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his followers; (but most of them are evil-livers)
unbelievers who break their pledges.
32. There was a group of believers who were blood related to
Jews, and who had believed, who had acknowledged what was evident in the
previous books.
[3:119] (Lo!
Ye are) O group of believers (those who love them) who love the Jews because of
the ties of marriage and suckling (though they love you not) because of the
Religion, (and ye believe in all the Scripture) you acknowledge all the
revealed Books and messengers while they do not. (When they) the hypocrites
among the Jews (fall in with you they say: We believe) in Muhammad and the
Qur'an and we acknowledge that his traits and description are in our Scripture;
(but when they go apart) and meet with each other (they bite their fingertips
at you, for rage. Say: Perish in your rage! Lo! Allah is Aware of what is
hidden in (your) breasts) He is Aware of what is in your heart of hatred and
enmity.
33. There were some Jews who claimed that in their scriptures
there was evidence to not believe in Muhammad
[3:183] ((The
same are) those) i.e. the Jews (who say: Lo! Allah hath charged us) Allah has
commanded us in the Scripture (that we believe not in any messenger) we will
not accept that anyone is sent with a message (until he bring us an offering
which fire (from heaven) shall devour) that is until Allah sends a fire which
will devour this offering, as it happened in the time of the [Jewish] prophets.
(Say) O Muhammad: (Messengers came unto you before me with miracles) with
commands and prohibitions as well as signs, (and with that (very miracle) which
ye describe) of an offering [devoured by fire], Zachariah, John and Jesus. (Why
then did ye slay them?) why did you kill John and Zachariah, when such an
offering [devoured by fire] took place during their time. ((Answer that) if ye
are truthful) in your claim.
34. Part of the covenant of the people of the book was to
exposit the description of Muhammad which is available in their books. However
they broke this covenant.
[3:187] Then
Allah mentioned His covenant with the people of the Book in the Scripture, which
required them to exposit the traits and description of His Prophet, saying:
(And (remember) when Allah laid a charge on those who had received the
Scripture) i.e. the Torah and the Gospel ((He said): Ye are to expound it) the
trait and description of Muhammad (to mankind and not to hide it) not to hide
these traits and description of Muhammad in their Scripture. (But they flung it
behind their backs) and did not act upon it (and bought thereby a little gain)
a paltry acquisition in their means of living by hiding the traits and
description of Muhammad in their Scripture. (Verily evil is that which they
have gained thereby) evil is that which they have chosen for themselves:
Judaism and the concealment of the traits and description of Muhammad.
35. Those who willingly changed or denied any descriptions of
Muhammad (which were available at the time of the prophet) will be punished.
Malik Ibn al-Sayf and his friends were example of Jews who changed words from
the context (but the Torah remained intact).
[3:188] Allah
then mentioned their longing for praise and credit for that which they-the
Jews-did not have, saying: (Think not) suppose not, O Muhammad (that those who
exult in what they have given) whereby they changed the traits and description
of Muhammad in their Scripture, (and love to be praised for what they have not
done) they like that people say they have good in them when they do not. They
like that people say that they are follower of the Religion of Abraham and that
they are good to the poor. (Think not) O Muhammad, (they are in safety from the
doom. A painful doom is theirs) a severe torment shall be theirs.
36. Al-Yasa' and Rafi' were example of Jews who despite of
having knowledge of the Torah they were considered hypocrites for not holding
unto the truth contained in it. Malik Ibn al-Sayf and his friends were example
of Jews who changed words from the context. But the Torah remained intact
because it was only distortion with their tongues. What they possessed was
trustworthy.
[4:44] (Seest
thou not) have you not been informed in the Scripture about (those unto whom a
portion of the Scripture hath been given) those who were given knowledge of the
Torah, (how they purchase error?) they choose Judaism, (and seek to make you
(Muslims) err from the right way) i.e. abandon Islam. This was revealed about
al-Yasa' and Rafi' the sons of Harmalah, two Jewish Rabbis, who invited
'Abdullah Ibn Ubayy and his friends to embrace their religion. [4:45] (Allah
knoweth best (who are) your enemies) from among the hypocrites and the Jews.
(Allah is sufficient as a Friend) as a Protector, (and Allah is sufficient as a
Helper) as a Defender against them. [4:46] (Some of those who are Jews) Malik
Ibn al-Sayf and his friends (change words from their context) they change the
traits and description of Muhammad after these were exposited upon in the
Torah, and then come to Muhammad (and say: “We hear) your words, O Muhammad
(and disobey) your command, when he is not around them; and we (hear thou) O
Muhammad (as one who heareth not” and “Listen to us!” distorting with their
tongues and slandering religion. If they had said: “We hear) your saying, O
Muhammad (and we obey) your command; (hear you) hear from us, (and look at us”
it had been better for them) than their insults and defamation, (and more
upright) and more correct. (But Allah hath cursed them) punishes them by making
them pay the capitation tax (for their disbelief) as a punishment for their
disbelief, (so they believe not, save a few) among them who have accepted Islam
such as 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his friends. [4:47] (O ye unto whom the
Scripture hath been given!) O you to whom knowledge of the traits and
description of Muhammad in the Torah has been given. (Believe in what We have
revealed) the Qur'an (concerning that which) confirms what (ye possess) in
terms of Allah's divine Oneness and the traits and description of Muhammad
(pbuh) (before We destroy countenances) before We change your hearts (so as to
confound them) so as to turn them away from the lights of guidance and
transform their faces to the back of their heads, (or curse them) turn them
into animals (as We cursed the Sabbath-breakers (of old time)) by turning them
into apes. (And the commandment of Allah is always executed) after the
revelation of this verse 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his companions embraced Islam.
37. For those who disbelieved despite of having clear truth
in previous books, hell was waiting for them
[4:55] (And of
them) of the Jews (were (some) who believed therein) believed in the Scripture
of David and Solomon (and of them were (some) who disbelieved therein. Hell is
sufficient for (their) burning) i.e. Ka'b and his followers.
38. Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf is an example of those who would be
misled by Satan from the Truth and guidance they had in the Torah
[4:60] (Hast
thou not seen) have you not been informed, O Muhammad, about (those who pretend
that they believe in that which is revealed unto thee) i.e. the Qur'an (and
that which was revealed before thee) i.e. the Torah, (how they would go for
judgement (in their disputes) to false deities) Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf (when they
have been ordered) in the Qur'an (to abjure them?) to disavow them. (Satan
would mislead them far astray) from the Truth and guidance. This verse was
revealed about a hypocrite by the name of Bishr whom 'Umar Ibn al-Khattab had
killed. This hypocrite had a dispute with a Jewish man.
39. Some Jews were criticized for making usury lawful despite
of not being lawful in their Torah. The Torah was referred as trustworthy.
[4:161] (And
of their taking usury) of their making usury lawful (when they were forbidden
it) in the Torah, (and of their devouring) and because of their consumption of
(people's wealth by false pretences) through transgression and bribery, We
forbade them the fat which covers the stomach and bowels and the meat and milk
of camels, which were before lawful for them. (We have prepared for those of
them who disbelieve) among the Jews (a painful doom) the pain of which will
reach to their hearts.
40. 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his followers were example of the people of the book who
believe in the Qur'an and all Scripture despite of other Jews not
believing in it. They were praised for following the truth found in the Torah
and the other books of the Bible
[4:162] (But
those of them) of the people of the Book: 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his followers
who believe in the Qur'an and all Scripture even if the Jews did not believe in
the former (who are firm in knowledge) knowledge of the Torah (and the
believers) all the believers (believe in that which is revealed unto thee) of
the Qur'an, (and that which was revealed before thee) unto all the prophets,
(especially the diligent in prayer) those who perfect their five daily prayers
(and those who pay the poor-due) from their wealth also believe in the Qur'an
and all the Scriptures, (the believers in Allah and the Last Day) the believers
in resurrection after death also believe in the Qur'an and all Scriptures. All
these believe in the Qur'an and all Scriptures even if the Jews do not believe
in them. Allah then explained their reward, saying: (Upon these We shall bestow
immense reward) an abundant reward in Paradise.
41. Some Christians were praised for believing in Muhammad
based on the Gospel, but later on criticized for not following through with
this belief.
[5:14] (And
with those who say: "Lo! we are Christians"), i.e. the Christians of
Najran (We made a covenant) in the Gospel that they should follow Muhammad
(pbuh) and manifest his traits and not worship anyone or anything except Allah
or associate anyone with Him, (but they forgot a part) they left part (of that
whereof they were admonished) with which they were commanded. (Therefore We
have stirred up) We have cast (enmity) killing and destruction (and hatred) in
the hearts (among them) between the Jews and Christians; and it is said between
the Nestorians of Najran, the sects known as the Jacobites, the Marqusiyya and
the Melkites (till the Day of Resurrection, when Allah will inform them of
their handiwork) of their opposition, treachery, concealment, enmity and
hatred.
42. There were some Jews of the tribe of the prophet of Islam
who were hypocrites, changing words from the previous books from their context
[5:41] (O
Messenger!) O Muhammad (Let not them grieve you who vie one with another in the
race to disbelief) in allying themselves with the disbelievers in this world
and in the Hereafter, (of such as say with their mouths) with their tongues:
(“We believe,”) in our hearts (but their hearts believe not) i.e. the hearts of
the hypocrites, 'Abdullah Ibn Ubayy and his followers, (and of the Jews) i.e.
the Jews of the Banu Qurayzah, Ka'b and his followers: (listeners for the sake
of falsehood) listeners of untruth, (listeners on behalf of other folk) the
people of Khaybar (who come not unto thee) regarding what happened among them,
but Banu Qurayzah asked about them, (changing words) changing the traits and
description of Muhammad and the legal ruling on the stoning of married people
who commit adultery (from their context) after being exposited in the Torah (and
saying) i.e. the leaders to their followers; it is also said: the hypocrites
'Abdullah Ibn Ubayy and his followers: (If this be given unto you) if Muhammad
(pbuh) command you to whip [married people who committed adultery], (receive
it) accept it from him and act according to it (but if this be not given unto
you) if Muhammad does not command you to whip them and instead commands you to
stone them, (then beware!) i.e. beware of following him if does not command you
to whip them and, instead, commands you to stone them. Allah said: (He whom
Allah doometh unto sin) he whom Allah wants to persist in his disbelief and
idolatry; it is also said: he whom Allah wants to expose; and it is also said
that this means: he whom Allah wants to test, (thou (by thine efforts) will
avail him naught against Allah) against Allah's punishment. (Those are) the
Jews and the hypocrites (they for whom the will of Allah is that He cleanse not
their hearts) from scheming, treachery and persistence in disbelief. (Theirs in
the world will be ignominy) punishment through killing and expulsion, (and in
the Hereafter an awful doom) more severe than the punishment they suffer in
this world; [5:42] (Listeners) and ones who utter words (for the sake of
falsehood! Greedy for illicit gain!) bribery and that which is unlawful by
changing the rulings of Allah. (If then they) i.e. the Banu Qurayzah and the
Banu'lNadir (have recourse unto thee) O Muhammad (judge between them) between
the Banu Qurayzah and the Banu'l-Nadir; and it is also said: between the people
of Khaybar (or disclaim jurisdiction) by choice. (If thou disclaimest
jurisdiction) and do not judge between them, (then they cannot harm thee at
all) they cannot take away anything from you. (But if thou judgest) between the
Banu Qurayzah and the Banu'l-Nadir; and it is also said: between the people of
Khaybar, (judge between them with equity) with stoning [married people who
commit adultery]. (Lo! Allah loveth the equitable) who are fair when they judge
with the Book of Allah and who apply the legal ruling of stoning.
43. Stoning and the description of Muhammad were examples of
truths which were hidden by some Jews
[5:44] (Lo! We
did reveal the Torah) to Moses, (wherein is guidance) from error (and a light)
the explanation of stoning, (by which) by the Torah (the Prophets who
surrendered (unto Allah)) those who surrendered to Allah from the time of Moses
to the time of Jesus, in the interval of which there were 1,000 prophets
(judged the Jews) the forefathers who were Jews, (and the rabbis) He says:
those who judged between them were the godly men of knowledge and the ascetics
(and the priests) all the other men of knowledge ((judged) by such of Allah's
Scripture as they were bidden to observe) by that which they acted upon and
called other people to, as in the Book of Allah, (and thereunto) i.e. about the
legal ruling of stoning (were they witnesses. So fear not mankind) regarding
the display of the traits and description of Muhammad and the legal ruling of
stoning, (but fear Me) for concealing them. (And barter not My revelations)
through concealment of the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) and the
verse of stoning (for a little gain) for a paltry portion in your means of
living. (Whoso judgeth not by that which Allah hath revealed) Allah says:
whoever does not show that which Allah has shown in the Torah regarding the
traits and description of Muhammad and the verse of stoning: (such are
disbelievers) in Allah, the messenger and the Scripture.
44. Jesus was a prophet who like Mohammad confirmed the Torah
[5:46] (And We
caused Jesus, son of Mary, to follow in their footsteps, confirming that which
was (revealed) before him in the Torah) as regards the declaration of Allah's
divine Oneness and some laws, (and We bestowed on him the Gospel wherein is
guidance) from error (and a light) an exposition on stoning, (confirming that
which was (revealed) before it in the Torah) regarding Allah's divine Oneness
and the legal ruling of stoning (a guidance) from error (and an admonition
unto) and a caution for (those who ward off (evil)) those who ward off
disbelief, idolatry and indecencies.
45. The Qur’an confirmed some laws of the previous
scriptures. The previous scriptures contained truth, but several laws were abrogated
in the Qur’an. However the previous books still were trustworthy.
[5:48] (And
unto thee have We revealed the Scripture) We have sent you Gabriel with the
Qur'an (with the Truth) to make plain the Truth and falsehood, (confirming) the
statement of Allah's divine Oneness and some laws (whatever Scripture was
before it) whatever Scriptures were before it, (and a watcher over it) a
witness upon all the Scriptures before it; it is also said: a witness upon the
ruling of stoning; and it is also said: a watcher over all previous Scriptures.
(So judge between them) between the Banu Qurayzah and the Banu'lNadir and the
people of Khaybar (by that which Allah hath revealed) by that which Allah has
exposited to you in the Qur'an, (and follow not their desires) regarding the
application of whipping and discarding stoning (away from the Truth which hath
come unto thee) after the exposition that has come to you. (For each We have
appointed a divine law) for each prophet among you We have exposited a divine
law (and a traced out way) obligations and practices. (Had Allah willed He
could have made you one community) He has made you follow one divine law. (But
that He may try you) test you (by that which He hath given you) of Scripture,
obligations and practices, such that He says: I have prescribed all this for
you, so let not delusion creep into your minds. (So vie one with another in
good works) so vie, O Community of Muhammad (pbuh) with other nations, in
obligations, practices and righteous works; it is also said that this means:
hasten, O Community of Muhammad (pbuh) to perform acts of obedience. (Unto
Allah ye will all) all nations (return, and He will then inform you of that
wherein ye differ) where you contravene in relation to religion and divine
laws.
46. The previous scriptures foretold the advent of the
Qur’an. The judgment of People of the books against Muslims was unfair, given
that they had trustworthy books.
[5:59] (Say)
to the Jews, O Muhammad: (O, People of the Scripture! Do ye blame us) do you
accuse, and find fault with, us (for aught else than that we believe in Allah)
for any other reason except for our faith in Allah, alone without any partners
(and that which is revealed unto us) the Qur'an (and that which was revealed
aforetime) of Scriptures and of messengers sent before Muhammad (pbuh) and
before the Qur'an, (and because most of you) all of you (are evil-doers)
disbelievers? (…) [5:61] (When they) i.e. the lowly among the Jews; and it is
also said this means the hypocrites (come unto you (Muslims), they say: We
believe) in your traits and description which we find in our Scripture; (but
they came in disbelief) they secretly disbelieve (and they went out in the
same) disbelieving inwardly; (and Allah knoweth best what they were hiding) of
disbelief.
47. Jews and Christians are criticized for not believing what
is (not what was) in the Torah and the Gospel about Muhammad
[5:66] (If
they had observed the Torah and the Gospel) if they had accepted what is in the
Torah and the Gospel and demonstrated the traits and description of Muhammad
contained therein (and that which was revealed unto them from their Lord) and
had they elucidated that which their Lord had explained to them in the Torah
and the Gospel; it is also said that this means: if they had believed that all
the scriptures and messengers are from their Lord, (they would surely have been
nourished from above them) through rain (and from beneath their feet) through
vegetation and fruit. (Among them) among the people of the Book (there are
people who are moderate) a group of just and upright people, i.e. 'Abdullah Ibn
Salam and his followers, the monk Bahirah, the Negus and his followers, and
Salman al-Farisi and his fellows, (but many of them are of evil conduct) evil
is what they do in terms of concealing the traits and description of Muhammad.
Among such people are Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, Ka'b Ibn Asad, Malik Ibn al-Sayf,
Sa'id Ibn 'Amr, Abu Yasir, and Judayy Ibn Akhtab. (…) [5:68] (Say) O Muhammad:
(O People of the Scripture!) i.e. the Jews and Christians. (You have naught) of
the religion of Allah (till ye observe the Torah and the Gospel) until you
truly believe in what is in the Torah and the Gospel (and that which was
revealed unto thee (Muhammad) from your Lord) in all Scriptures given to all
messengers. (That which is revealed unto you (Muhammad) from your Lord) the
Qur'an (is certain to increase the contumacy) constancy in disbelief (and
disbelief) and firmness in disbelief (of many of them) of their disbelievers.
(But grieve not for the disbelieving folk) do not be saddened for their
destruction in their state of disbelief, if they do not believe.
48. The scriptures were trustworthy and those who fully
believed in them were commended for this
[5:69] (Lo!
those who believe) in Moses as well as in all the prophets and Scriptures and
die in this state, no fear shall come to them nor will they grieve, (and those
who are Jews, and Sabaeans) a Christian sect, who are milder than the other
Christians, (and Christians) of Najran as well as other Christians (whosoever)
of the Jews, Sabaeans or Christians (believeth in Allah and the Last Day) in
resurrection after death, and if the Jews repent of Judaism, the Sabaeans of
their religion and the Christians of Christianity (and doeth right) sincerely
between him and his Lord (there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they
grieve) about that which they have left behind; it is also said that this
means: they shall not fear when others so fear nor shall they grieve when
others do; it is also said that this means: they shall not fear when death is
slain nor grieve when the Fire is closed.
49. Those who didn’t believe on the previous books would show
animosity against Muhammad, but those who believed in the Bible of the time
would cry recognizing the prophet based on what the Bible contained
[5:82] Allah
then showed their enmity towards the Prophet (pbuh) and his Companions, saying:
(Thou wilt find) O Muhammad (the most vehement of mankind in hostility) and
most vile in speech (to those who believe) Muhammad and his Companions ((to be)
the Jews) the Jews of the Banu Qurayzah, Banu'l-Nadir, Fadak and Khaybar (and
the idolaters) and the most vehement in hostility to the believers among the
idolaters are the idolaters of Mecca. (And thou wilt find the nearest of them
in affection) in their bond and most lenient in speech (to those who believe)
Muhammad and his Companions ((to be) those who say: Lo! We are Christians) the
Negus and his followers who were 32 men; it is also said that they were 40
people in total: 32 from Abyssinia, and eight monks from Historic Syria: the
monk Bahirah and his followers Abrahah, Ashraf, Idris, Tamim, Tammam, Durayd
and Ayman. (That) affection (is because there are among them priests) ascetics
whose heads are shaved in the middle (and monks) secluded in monasteries who
are their men of knowledge, (and because they are not proud) in believing in
Muhammad and the Qur'an. [5:83] (When
they listen to that which hath been revealed unto the messenger) when they hear
Ja'far Ibn Abi Talib's recitation of what has been revealed to the messenger,
(thou seest their eyes overflow with tears because of their recognition of the
Truth) their recognition of the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) in
their Scripture. (They say: Our Lord) O our Lord, (we believe) in You, in Your
Book and in Your Messenger Muhammad. (Inscribe us as among the witnesses) make
us of the Community of Muhammad (pbuh) who believe.
50. It was common for Jews to deny prophets. It was not
related to not having a trustworthy book, but just stubbornness.
[6:34]
(Messengers indeed have been denied before thee) their people denied them as
your people deny you now, (and they were patient under the denial) of their own
people (and the persecution) and they were patient in the face of their
people's harm (till Our succour reached them) through the destruction of their
people. (There is none to alter the decisions of Allah) in that He helps His
friends against His enemies. (Already there hath reached thee) O Muhammad
((somewhat) of the tidings of the messengers (We sent before)) how their people
denied them, as your people deny you now, and how they were patient.
51. Malik Ibn al-Sayf, the Jew, who claimed that Allah did
not reveal any Scripture to human beings.
[6:91] (And
they measure not the power of Allah its true measure) they do not glorify Allah
as He should be glorified (when they say: Allah hath naught) no Scripture
(revealed unto a human being) among the prophets. This verse was revealed about
Malik Ibn al-Sayf, the Jew, who claimed that Allah did not reveal any Scripture
to human beings. (Say) O Muhammad, to Malik: (Who revealed the Book which Moses
brought, a light) an exposition and enlightenment (and guidance for mankind)
from error, (which ye have put) written (on parchments which ye show) many things
which do not contain the traits and description of the Prophet (pbuh) (but ye
hide much (thereof)) you hide many portions of it which contain the traits and
description of Muhammad (pbuh) (and by which ye were taught) of legal rulings,
punishment, the lawful and the unlawful as well as the traits and description
of Muhammad (pbuh) in the Scripture (that which ye knew not yourselves nor
(did) your fathers (know it)) before the revelation of legal rulings and
punishments? If they answer and say it was Allah, then fine, if they do not,
(Say: Allah) revealed it. (Then leave them to their play of cavilling) let them
indulge in their falsehood: quibbling and lying.
52. The Qur’an was revealed in agreement to the description
of the prophet contained in the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms and all other
scriptures.
[6:92] (And
this) i.e. the Qur'an (is a blessed Scripture) contains mercy and forgiveness
for him who believes in it (which We have revealed) which Gabriel brought down,
(confirming that which (was revealed) before it) agreeing with the Torah, the
Gospel, the Psalms and with all earlier Scriptures as regard Allah's divine
Oneness and the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) (that thou mayst
warn) by means of the Qur'an (the Mother of Villages) i.e. the people of Mecca;
it is also said that (the Mother of Villages) means: the largest of villages;
it is also said that it was called (the Mother of Villages) because the earth
was levelled from beneath it (and those around her) of the rest of lands.
(Those who believe in the Hereafter) those who believe in resurrection after
death and in the bliss of Paradise (believe herein) believe in Muhammad and the
Qur'an, (and they are careful of their worship) and they observe the appointed
time for the five daily prayers.
53. The Jews were succeeded by gentiles because they hid the
portions that demonstrated Mohammed was a prophet, though the books clearly
showed it
[7:169] (And a
generation hath succeeded them) a generation of people succeeded the righteous
ones, but their successors, among the Jews, were evil (who inherited the
Scriptures) they took the Scripture and concealed the traits and description of
Muhammad (pbuh) that is in it. (They grasp the goods of this low life (as the
price of evil doing)) they take bribes and other unlawful stuff of this world
in exchange for concealing the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) (and
say: It will be forgiven us) the sins we commit at night shall be forgiven
during the day, and the sins we commit in the day shall be forgiven at night.
(And if there came to them (again)) today (the offer of the like) similar to
the unlawful that had come to them before, (they would accept it) and declaring
to be lawful. (Hath not the covenant of the Scripture been taken on their
behalf that they should not speak aught concerning Allah save the Truth? And
they have studied that which is therein) of the traits and attributes of
Muhammad (pbuh); it is also said that this means: they studied what is in it of
the lawful and the unlawful but did not act upon it. (And the abode of the
Hereafter) i.e. Paradise (is better, for those who ward off (evil)) ward off
disbelief, idolatry, indecencies, bribery and changing the traits and
description of the Prophet (pbuh) in the Torah. Warding off these is better
than the abode of the life of this world. (Have ye then no sense?) do you not
realise that the life of this world is vanishing and the Hereafter is
everlasting? [7:170] (And as for those
who make (men) keep the Scripture) those who act upon the Scripture, declaring
its lawful to be lawful and its unlawful to be unlawful, and further manifest
the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) (and establish worship) and
perform the five daily prayers (lo! We squander not) We thwart not (the wages
of reformers) the reward of those who do good in their works and speech,
referring here to 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and his companions.
54. Those who wrote other books saying it was from God are
condemned for this and also for concealing the truth which was available to
them. So the books were still trustworthy and available, despite of these other
books.
[9:9] (They
have purchased with the revelations of Allah) i.e. Muhammad (pbuh) and the
Qur'an (a little gain) a small profit, (so they debar (men) from His way) from
His religion and obedience. (Lo! evil is that which they are wont to do) evil
is that which they used to do of concealment and other things. It is also said
that this verse was revealed about the Jews.
55. The Torah was right there if anyone wanted to believe in
Muhammad.
[9:29] (Fight
against such of those who have been given the Scripture) the Jews and
Christians (as believe not in Allah nor the Last Day) nor in the bliss of
Paradise, (and forbid not) in the Torah (that which Allah hath forbidden by His
messenger, and follow not the religion of truth) do not submit themselves to
Allah through confession of Allah's divine Oneness, (until they pay the tribute
readily) standing: from hand to hand, (being brought low) abased.
56. Reading the books of the Bible there was no doubt that
the Qur’an and the prophet were foretold there, hence these books were
trustworthy
[10:37] (And
this Qur'an) which is recited to you by Muhammad (pbuh) (is not such as could
ever be invented in despite of Allah; but it is a confirmation of that which
was before it) it is a confirmation of the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms and
all other Scriptures in that they all call to the profession of divine Oneness
and contain the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) (and an exposition of
that which is decreed for mankind) the Qur'an exposits the lawful and the
prohibited, the commands and prohibitions. (Therein is no doubt from the Lord
of the Worlds) from the Master of all worlds.
57. In the Bible there were at the time of the prophet clear
expositions of the description of Muhammad
[10:93] (And
We verily did allot unto) We verily did send to (the Children of Israel a fixed
abode) a noble land: Jordan and Palestine, (and did provide them with good
things) honey, quails and spoils of war (and they differed not) i.e. the Jews
and Christians regarding Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an (until knowledge) the
exposition of what is their Scriptures about the traits and description of
Muhammad (pbuh) (came unto them. Lo! your Lord) O Muhammad (will judge between
them) between the Jews and Christians (on the Day of Resurrection concerning
that wherein they used to differ) regarding religion.
58. The books of the Bible were also guidance for the very
same prophet. If he was in doubt of his prophethood he could ask the people who
read the Bible books.
[10:94] (And
if thou) O Muhammad (art in doubt concerning that which We reveal unto thee)
concerning that with which We sent Gabriel, i.e. the Qur'an, (then question
those who read the Scripture) i.e. the Torah ((that was) before you) 'Abdullah
Ibn Salam and his followers. The Prophet (pbuh) did not ask nor was he ever in
doubt about the Qur'an. Rather, Allah was addressing with these words the
people of the Prophet. (Verily the Truth from thy Lord) i.e. Gabriel with the
Qur'an from your Lord, containing the events of past nations (hath come unto
thee) O Muhammad. (So be not thou of the waverers) be not of the doubters.
[10:95] (And be not thou of those who deny the revelations of Allah) Allah's
Book and Messenger, (for then wert thou of the losers)
59. The Qur'an is not an invented story, but a confirmation
of the existing Scripture; a confirmation of the Torah, the Gospel and all the
others scriptures.
[12:111] (In
their history) in their events, the event of Joseph and his brothers (verily
there is a lesson) a sign (for men of understanding) for people endowed with
intelligence. (It is no invented story) the Qur'an is not an invented story
(but a confirmation of the existing (Scripture)) a confirmation of the Torah,
the Gospel and all the others scriptures; it confirms the profession of
monotheism and other legal rulings as well as the story of Joseph (and a
detailed explanation of everything) a detailed explanation of the lawful and
the unlawful, (and a guidance) from error (and a mercy) preventing from
chastisement (for folk who believe) in Muhammad (pbuh) and in the Qur'an which
was revealed to you from your Lord, and Allah knows the secrets of His Book'.
And of the surah in which the thunder is mentioned, which is all Meccan-save
two verses (As for those who disbelieve, disaster ceases not to strike them
because of what they do, or it dwells near their home until the threat of Allah
come to pass. Lo! Allah faileth not to keep the appointed time) and (they who disbelieve
say: Thou art no messenger (of Allah). Say: Allah, and whoever has true
knowledge of the Scripture, is sufficient witness between me and you)
60. The Bible is trustworthy and sufficient to believe in the
Qur’an
[13:36] (Those
unto whom We gave the Scripture) the Torah, the reference here is to 'Abdullah
Ibn Salam and his companions (rejoice in that which is revealed unto thee) of
the remembrance of the All-Merciful. (And of the clans) i.e. the Jews (there
are who deny some of it) some of the Qur'an, except the surah of Joseph and the
portions of it in which the All-Merciful is mentioned; it is also said that the
clans her refers to the Confederates, i.e. the disbelievers of Mecca as well as
other disbelievers, who deny some of the Qur'an in which the All-Merciful is
mentioned. (Say) O Muhammad: (I am commanded only that I serve Allah) in all
sincerity (and ascribe unto Him no partner. Unto Him I cry) I call people unto
Him, (and unto Him is my return) my return in the Hereafter.
61. The books of the Bible are as trustworthy as the Qur’an
is because they are revealed in the same way
[18:1] And
from his own narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said regarding
the meaning of Allah's words (Praise be to Allah): '(Praise be to Allah) He
says: gratitude is Allah's and divinity is His (Who hath revealed the
Scripture) who has sent Gabriel with the Qur'an (unto His slave) Muhammad
(pbuh) (and hath not placed therein any crookedness) He did not reveal it as
different from the Torah, the Gospel or other Scriptures, as far as divine
Oneness and the attributes and description of Muhammad (pbuh) are concerned.
This verse was revealed about the Jews when they claimed that the Qur'an was
different from all previous Scriptures,
62. The Qur’an and the books of the Bible are all as
trustworthy, all coming from the Guarded Tablet. Therefore they don’t
contradict each other
[21:105] (And
verily We have written in the Scripture) in the Psalm of David, (after the
Reminder) after the Torah; it is also said that this means: and We wrote in the
Psalms and the Scriptures of the prophets after writing in the Guarded Tablet:
(My righteous slaves) those who profess Allah's divine oneness (will inherit
the earth) the earth of Paradise; and it is said: the righteous slaves from among
the Children of Israel will dwell in the Holy Land; as it is said: it is the
righteous slaves of the end of time.
63. Jews and Christians had it very easy to have hope for
paradise, only if they believed what was in their books
[29:23] (Those
who disbelieve in the revelations of Allah) those who disbelieve in Muhammad
(pbuh) and in the Qur'an, i.e. the Jews, Christians and all other disbelievers
(and in (their) Meeting with Him) and also disbelieve in resurrection after
death, (such) who have these traits (have no hope of My mercy) of My Paradise;
the reference here is to the Jews and Christians; they have no hope that in
Paradise there will be food, drink and sexual intercourse. (For such there is a
painful doom.
64. It was recommended to the Muslims to say that they
believe in all books and to avoid arguments
[29:46] (And
argue not with the People of the Scripture) the Jews and Christians (unless it
be in (a way) that is better) i.e. by the Qur'an, (save with such of them as do
wrong) from among the delegation of Najran, then you can do so by means of
Mula'anah; (and say: We believe in that which has been revealed unto us) i.e.
the Qur'an (and revealed unto you) the Torah and the Gospel; (our God and your
God is One) He has no son or partner, (and unto Him we surrender) we are
sincere to Him in our worship and profession of Allah's divine Oneness, and we
believe in Him
65. In the Bible can be found that Muhammad is unlettered
[29:48] (And
thou (O Muhammad) were not a reader of any scripture before it) before the
Qur'an, (nor didst thou write it with thy right hand, for) if you could read or
write (then might those have doubted, who follow falsehood) then the Jews,
Christians and idolaters would have doubted, for it is mentioned in the
Scriptures of the Jews and Christians that you are unlettered.
66. There were some people who distort the revelations, all
of them, but it’s not mentioned lack of trustworthiness for the same
[41:40] (Lo!
those who distort Our revelations) those who deny Our signs-Muhammad (pbuh) and
the Qur'an-(are not hid from Us) none of their works is hidden from Us. (Is he
who is hurled into the Fire) Abu Jahl and his host (better, or he who cometh
secure) from the torment (on the Day of Resurrection) this refers to Muhammad
(pbuh) and his Companions? (Do what ye will) O people of Mecca; this is a
threat made to them. (Lo! He is Seer of what ye do) He will requite your works.
67. Historically people had rejected revelations, so it was
not surprise if they rejected the Qur’an which asked to look at previous scriptures
[41:45] (And
We verily gave Moses the Scripture) i.e. the Torah, (but there hath been
dispute concerning it) concerning the Scripture of Moses; some believed in it
while others rejected it; (and but for a Word) to postpone the chastisement of
this nation (that had already gone forth from your Lord, it would ere now have
been judged between them) the Jews, Christians and idolaters would have been
destroyed; it is also said that this means: they would have already been
punished for disbelieving, just as were destroyed before them the people who
disbelieved their messengers; (but lo! They) the Jews, Christians and idolaters
(are in hopeless doubt concerning it) are in manifest doubt concerning the
Qur'an; it is also said: concerning the Scripture of Moses.
68. The psalms were part of trustworthy books
[35:25] (And
if they) the Quraysh (deny thee) O Muhammad: (those before them also denied)
those before your own folk, the Quraysh, have also denied their messengers.
(Their messengers came unto them with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty))
they came to them with commands, prohibitions and signs, (and with the Psalms
and the Scripture) and with the events of the Scriptures of the people of
old (giving light) expositing the lawful
and the unlawful.
69. The Qur’an was a revelation in the local language, unlike
previous books, not contradicting them either
[39:28] (A
Lecture in Arabic) a Qur'an in the Arabic usage, (containing no crookedness)
not contradicting the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms or any other divinely
inspired Scripture in terms of the affirmation of Allah's divine Oneness, some
legal rulings and punishments; it is also said that (containing no crookedness)
means: it is uncreated-this is the opinion of al-Suddi-, (that haply they may
ward off (evil)) by means of the Qur'an that which Allah has prohibited them.
70. The Qur’an is not false as it doesn’t contradict the
previous books. So the previous books are to be used as measurement of that
statement.
[41:41] (Lo!
those who disbelieve in the Reminder) i.e. the Qur'an (when it cometh unto
them) when Muhammad (pbuh) took it to them; the reference here is to Abu Jahl
and his host, ((are guilty)) and in the Hereafter they will have the Fire of
Gehenna, (for lo! It) i.e. the Qur'an (is an unassailable Scripture) a glorious
and noble Scripture. [41:42] (Falsehood cannot come at it) it is not
contradicted by the Torah, the Gospel or by any revealed Scriptures (from
before it) before its revelation (or behind it) and after there will be no
Scripture which will contradict it; it is also said that this means: the Torah,
the Gospel, the Psalms and all the Scriptures which were revealed before the
Qur'an do not contradict it and there will be no Scripture in the future which
will contradict it and, hence, it will remain uncontradicted; and it is also
said that this means: Iblis did not come to Muhammad (pbuh) before the coming
of Gabriel to him such that he added to the Qur'an, nor did he come to him
after Gabriel such that he took away from the Qur'an; and it is also said that
this means: the Qur'an does not contradict itself, but rather everything in it
is in perfect agreement. ((It is) a revelation from the Wise) in His command
and decree, (the Owner of Praise) the Praiseworthy in His acts.
71. Qur’an, Islam and the prophet were exposed on the
previous books
[42:14] (And
they were not divided) i.e. the Jews and Christians about Muhammad (pbuh) the
Qur'an and Islam (until after the knowledge) until after the exposition which
is in their Scripture about the attributes and description of Muhammad (pbuh)
(came unto them, through rivalry among themselves) out of resentful envy, they
disbelieved in Muhammad (pbuh); (and had it not been for a Word) to delay the
punishment of this nation (that had already gone forth from your Lord) had
already been ordained by your Lord (for an appointed term) until an appointed
time, (it surely had been judged between them) He would have already destroyed
the Jews and Christians. (And those who were made to inherit the Scripture) and
those who were given the Torah (after them) after the messengers; and it is
also said: after the generations of old (are verily in hopeless doubt
concerning it) concerning the Torah; and it is also said that this means:
concerning the Qur'an. [42:15] (Unto this, then, summon (O Muhammad)) summon
unto belief in Allah's divine Oneness and to the Scripture of your Lord. (And
be thou upright) in your profession of Allah's divine Oneness (as thou art commanded)
in the Qur'an, (and follow not their lusts) and follow not the Qiblah and
religion of the Jews, (but say: I believe in whatever Scripture Allah hath sent
down) of Scriptures to the prophets, (and I am commanded) in the Qur'an (to be
just among you) through faith in Allah's divine Oneness. (Allah is our Lord and
your Lord) He will judge between us on the Day of Judgement. (Unto us our
works) unto us is the worship of Allah and the religion of Islam (and unto you
your works) and against you is the worship of idols and Satan's religion; (no
argument between us and you) regarding religion. (Allah will bring us together)
on the Day of Judgement, (and unto Him is the journeying) and unto Him is the
destination of both believers and disbelievers.
72. People of the book who believed are testimony of the
trustworthiness of the previous books as well as the Qur’an
[46:10] Say, O
Muhammad, to the Jews: (Bethink you) O Jews: (If it is from Allah) if this
Qur'an is from Allah (and ye disbelieve therein) and you disbelieve in the
Qur'an, (and a witness of the Children of Israel) Benjamin (hath already
testified to the like thereof) to the same testimony of 'Abdullah Ibn Salam and
his followers regarding Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an (and hath believed) 'Abdullah
Ibn Salam and his followers believed in Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an, (and
ye) O group of Jews (are too proud) to believe in Muhammad (pbuh) and the
Qur'an ((what plight is yours)? Lo! Allah, guides not) to his religion
(wrongdoing folk) a folk that does not deserve it.
73. People of the book are condemned for not following the
truth of the Torah they have had even before the Qur’an was revealed
[46:12] (When
before it) before the Qur'an (there was the Scripture of Moses) the Torah, (an
example) to be emulated (and a mercy) shielding from chastisement for those who
believe in it. But they did not believe in it nor took it as an example to be
emulated; (and this) Qur'an (is a confirming Scripture) it confirms the Torah
in the call to belief in Allah's divine Oneness and in the attributes and
description of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (in the Arabic language) in the
Arabic usage, (that it may warn those who do wrong) the idolaters (and bring
good tidings for the righteous) bring the good tidings of Paradise for the
believers.
74. Muhammad is found in the Torah
[46:30] (They
said: O our people! Lo! we have heard a Scripture) we have heard the recitation
of a Scripture, meaning the Qur'an (which hath been revealed) to Muhammad
(pbuh) (after Moses, confirming that which was before it) confirming the
message of Allah's divine Oneness and the attribute and description of Muhammad
(pbuh) found in the Torah, because they believers in Moses, (guiding unto the
Truth and a right road) guiding to a true, established religion with which
Allah is pleased, i.e. Islam.
75. Some people concealed (hide) the description of the
prophet in the Bible
[57:24] (Who
hoard) who conceal the traits and description of the Prophet (pbuh) in the
Torah (and who enjoin upon the people avarice) in the Torah by concealing the
traits and description of the Prophet (pbuh). (And whosoever turneth away) from
faith, (still Allah is the Absolute) He is free of the need for his faith, (the
Owner of Praise) for he who declares His divine Oneness; and it is said the
Owner of Praise with regard to His acts, for He gives thanks for very little
and rewards it abundantly.
76. 24 monks in the Yemen and when they heard of the Prophet
(pbuh) they believed in him and joined his religion. This people did believe in
the Gospel they have had.
[57:27] (Then
We caused Our messengers) one after the other (to follow in their footsteps) to
follow Noah and Abraham from their respective offspring; (and We caused Jesus,
son of Mary, to follow) these Messenger, i.e. messengers other than the Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh) (and gave him the Gospel, and placed compassion and mercy)
towards each other (in the hearts of those who followed him) i.e. who followed
the religion of Jesus. (But monasticism they invented) they built monasteries
and cloisters to escape the sedition of Paul, the Jew. (We ordained it not for
them) We did not enjoin monasticism upon them. (Only seeking Allah's pleasure)
they did not invent it except to seek Allah's good pleasure, (and) had We
enjoined it upon them (they observed it not with right observance) they would
not have given it its right due. (So We give those of them who believe) among
the monks (their reward) double for their faith and worship; these are the ones
who did not contravene against the religion of Jesus. 24 among these were in
the Yemen and when they heard of the Prophet (pbuh) they believed in him and
joined his religion, (but many of them) of the monks (are evil-livers)
disbelievers, these are the ones who went against the religion of Jesus.
77. Jesus and Muhammad came with clear proofs
[61:6] (And
when Jesus son of Mary said: O Children of Israel! Lo! I am the messenger of
Allah unto you, confirming) the profession of Allah divine Oneness and some of
the laws (that which was (revealed) before me in the Torah, and bringing good
tidings) and I have come to you with the good tidings (of a messenger who
cometh after me, whose name is the Praised One. Yet when he) i.e. Jesus and it
is also said: Muhammad (pbuh) (hath come unto them with clear proofs) with
commands, prohibitions and the marvels which he displayed to them, (they say:
This is mere magic) this is evident magic and lies.
78. The Jews were commanded to reveal the traits and
description of Muhammad in the Torah, but they did not do so. The book was not
corrupted, they elected not revealing the prophet.
[62:5] (The
likeness) the description (of those who are entrusted with the Law of Moses) of
those who were commanded to apply that which is in the Torah; i.e. they were
commanded to reveal the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) in the Torah,
(yet apply it not) yet act not upon what they were commanded, i.e. they did not
reveal the traits and description of Muhammad (pbuh) in the Torah, (is as the
likeness of the ass carrying books) the ass does not benefit from the books it
carries and, similarly, the Jews will not benefit from the Torah. (Wretched is
the likeness of folk who deny the revelations of Allah) Muhammad (pbuh) and the
Qur'an. This refers to the Jews. (And Allah guideth not) to His religion (wrongdoing
folk) the Jews; those who are to die following Judaism, as it is in Allah's
pre-eternal knowledge.
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